Machiavellianism (psychology)

Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism
	Machiavellianism is one of the traits in the dark triad model, along with psychopathy and narcissism.
Specialty	Personality psychology
Causes	Genetic and environmental

In the field of personality psychology, Machiavellianism (sometimes abbreviated as Mach) is the name of a personality trait construct characterized by interpersonal manipulation, indifference to morality, lack of empathy, and a strategic focus on self-interest.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Psychologists Richard Christie and Florence Geis named the construct after Niccolò Machiavelli, as they used edited statements inspired by his works to study variations in human behaviors.^[7]^[8]^[9] Their Mach IV test, a 20-question, Likert-scale personality survey, became the standard self-assessment tool and scale of the Machiavellianism construct. Those who score high on the scale (High Machs) are more likely to have a high level of manipulativeness, deceitfulness and a cynical, unemotional temperament.^[10]^[11]

It is one of the dark triad traits, along with the subclinical versions of narcissism and psychopathy.^[12]^[13]^[14]

^ Vernon, Philip A.; Villani, Vanessa C.; Vickers, Leanne C.; Harris, Julie Aitken (January 2008). "A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5". Personality and Individual Differences. 44 (2): 445–452. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007.
^ Cite error: The named reference Schermer-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology".
^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2009). "Machiavellianism". In Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (eds.). Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior. Guilford Press. pp. 93–108. ISBN 978-1-59385-647-2.
^ Geis, Florence; Christie, Richard; Nelson, Carnot (1970). "In Search of the Machiavel". Studies in Machiavellianism. pp. 76–95. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-174450-2.50010-5. ISBN 978-0-12-174450-2.
^ "Machiavellianism | Definition, Politics, Psychology, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
^ Christie & Geis 1970, p. 339.
^ Colman, Andrew M. (2015). "Machiavellianism". A Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-19-965768-1.
^ Rauthmann, John F.; Will, Theresa (30 April 2011). "Proposing a Multidimensional Machiavellianism Conceptualization". Social Behavior and Personality. 39 (3): 391–403. doi:10.2224/sbp.2011.39.3.391.
^ Spielberger & Butcher 2013.
^ Geis, F. L. (1978). "Machiavellianism". In London, Harvey; Exner, John E. (eds.). Dimensions of Personality. Wiley. pp. 305–363. ISBN 978-0-471-54392-3.
^ Paulhus, Delroy L; Williams, Kevin M (December 2002). "The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy". Journal of Research in Personality. 36 (6): 556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6. S2CID 6535576.
^ Lyons 2019, p. 2.
^ Furnham, Adrian; Richards, Steven C.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (March 2013). "The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1111/spc3.12018.

[1] Vernon, Philip A.; Villani, Vanessa C.; Vickers, Leanne C.; Harris, Julie Aitken (January 2008). "A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5". Personality and Individual Differences. 44 (2): 445–452. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007.

[Schermer-2020-2] Cite error: The named reference Schermer-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[3] "APA Dictionary of Psychology".

[Jones-2009a-4] Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2009). "Machiavellianism". In Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (eds.). Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior. Guilford Press. pp. 93–108. ISBN 978-1-59385-647-2.

[5] Geis, Florence; Christie, Richard; Nelson, Carnot (1970). "In Search of the Machiavel". Studies in Machiavellianism. pp. 76–95. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-174450-2.50010-5. ISBN 978-0-12-174450-2.

[6] "Machiavellianism | Definition, Politics, Psychology, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2023-06-21.

[FOOTNOTEChristieGeis1970339-7] Christie & Geis 1970, p. 339.

[Colman-2015-8] Colman, Andrew M. (2015). "Machiavellianism". A Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-19-965768-1.

[Rauthmann-2011-9] Rauthmann, John F.; Will, Theresa (30 April 2011). "Proposing a Multidimensional Machiavellianism Conceptualization". Social Behavior and Personality. 39 (3): 391–403. doi:10.2224/sbp.2011.39.3.391.

[FOOTNOTESpielbergerButcher2013-10] Spielberger & Butcher 2013.

[Geis-1978-11] Geis, F. L. (1978). "Machiavellianism". In London, Harvey; Exner, John E. (eds.). Dimensions of Personality. Wiley. pp. 305–363. ISBN 978-0-471-54392-3.

[12] Paulhus, Delroy L; Williams, Kevin M (December 2002). "The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy". Journal of Research in Personality. 36 (6): 556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6. S2CID 6535576.

[FOOTNOTELyons20192-13] Lyons 2019, p. 2.

[14] Furnham, Adrian; Richards, Steven C.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (March 2013). "The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1111/spc3.12018.

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